⚛ Periodic Table of Elements ⚛

^ = superscript · density>10 en<2 mp>1000 period 4 group 14 solid radioactive metal s-block · ⇧ SHIFT+CLICK to combine

diatomic H₂ N₂ O₂ F₂ Cl₂ Br₂ I₂

polyatomic Cₙ Siₙ As₄ P₄ S₈ Se₈ Teₙ

poly ions OH⁻ NH₄⁺ SO₄²⁻ NO₃⁻ CO₃²⁻ PO₄³⁻ HCO₃⁻ CrO₄²⁻ MnO₄⁻ CN⁻

⚙ Calculators

⚡ AI Tools

🔬 Advanced

🔬 3D & Practice

⚗ MOLAR MASS CALCULATOR

Type any formula — see per-element breakdown as a live bar chart. Supports parentheses like Ca₃(PO₄)₂.

🧪 SOLUTION CALCULATOR

Enter 2 of 3 values — leave one blank to solve. Add molar mass for gram/litre outputs.

Molarity M (mol/L)

Moles n (mol)

Volume V

Molar Mass MM (g/mol) — optional, unlocks gram outputs

Enter 3 of 4 values — leave one blank to solve

C₁ (mol/L)

V₁ (L)

C₂ (mol/L)

V₂ (L)

Mass (g)

Molar Mass (g/mol)

💨 GAS LAWS SOLVER

Leave one field blank — it will be solved.

Pressure P

Volume V

Moles n (mol)

Temperature T

P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ · constant T and n

P₁

V₁

P₂

V₂

V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ · constant P and n · temperatures in K

V₁

T₁ (K)

V₂

T₂ (K)

P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂ · temperatures in K

P₁

V₁

T₁ (K)

P₂

V₂

T₂ (K)

P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂ · constant V and n · temperatures in K

P₁

T₁ (K)

P₂

T₂ (K)

💧 VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER — P(H₂O) vs TEMPERATURE

Use when collecting gas over water: P_gas = P_total − P_H₂O(T)

Look up T (°C):

T (°C)	P (mmHg)	P (kPa)	T (°C)	P (mmHg)	P (kPa)	T (°C)	P (mmHg)	P (kPa)
0	4.58	0.611	35	42.18	5.624	70	233.7	31.16
5	6.54	0.872	40	55.32	7.375	75	289.1	38.56
10	9.21	1.228	45	71.88	9.583	80	355.1	47.34
15	12.79	1.706	50	92.51	12.34	85	433.6	57.81
20	17.54	2.338	55	118.0	15.74	90	525.8	70.10
25	23.76	3.168	60	149.4	19.92	95	633.9	84.53
30	31.82	4.243	65	187.5	25.00	100	760.0	101.3

100°C row highlighted — normal boiling point (P_H₂O = 1 atm = 760 mmHg)

🔬 pH / pOH CALCULATOR

Enter any one value — all others are instantly calculated. Concentrations in mol/L.

[H⁺] (mol/L)

[OH⁻] (mol/L)

pOH

📊 PERCENT YIELD CALCULATOR

Calculate experimental efficiency — actual vs theoretical yield.

Actual Yield

Theoretical Yield (same units)

🔭 EMPIRICAL & MOLECULAR FORMULA

Enter percent composition — should total ~100%. Add molar mass to get the molecular formula too.

Molar Mass (g/mol) — optional

⚡ REACTION PREDICTOR

Enter reactants — predicts products, reaction type, and balanced equation.

⚖ EQUATION BALANCER

Enter an unbalanced equation — returns balanced equation with step-by-step explanation.

⚗ STOICHIOMETRY SOLVER

Give a balanced equation + a known quantity — shows all moles, grams, and limiting reagent.

💡 CONCEPT EXPLAINER

Type any chemistry concept — get a clear exam-focused explanation with analogy, examples, and exam tip.

🎯 LIMITING REAGENT SOLVER

Describe reactant amounts — identifies limiting reagent, calculates moles, shows full step-by-step.

⚛ ELECTRON CONFIGURATION BUILDER

Click shells to add electrons. Rules are checked in real time — violations highlight in red.

🔢 OXIDATION STATE SOLVER

Type any ionic formula — each element's oxidation state is worked out step by step.

⚡ ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL CALCULATOR

Select two half-reactions to build a galvanic cell. E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode.

⊕ CATHODE (reduction)

⊖ ANODE (oxidation)

☢ RADIOACTIVE DECAY CALCULATOR

Enter any 2 of the 4 values — leave the one you want to solve for blank. Uses N = N₀ × (½)^(t/t½)

Initial Mass (g)

Half-life

Elapsed Time (blank = solve)

Remaining Mass (g) (blank = solve)

🔮 3D MOLECULE VIEWER

Click a molecule to view its 3D ball-and-stick structure. Drag to rotate. Atom sizes and colors follow CPK conventions.

drag to rotate · scroll to zoom

📐 VSEPR 3D SHAPE VIEWER

Select a molecular geometry to see an interactive 3D ball-and-stick model with bond angles.

🔲 ELECTRON ORBITAL DIAGRAMS

Box-and-arrow diagrams showing electron filling according to Aufbau, Hund's rule, and Pauli exclusion. Violations highlight in red.

⚖ VISUAL EQUATION BALANCER

Enter an unbalanced equation — elements colour-coded, coefficients animate into place. Use → or = between reactants and products.

📈 REACTION ENERGY DIAGRAM

Interactive activation energy hill. Toggle exothermic/endothermic, adjust ΔH and Eₐ with sliders, add catalyst to lower the barrier.

Reaction Type

ΔH (kJ/mol): −80

Eₐ (kJ/mol): 120

Add catalyst Catalyst lowers activation energy by ~40%

🌡 PHASE DIAGRAM VIEWER

Interactive P-T phase diagram. Drag the point to explore which phase exists at any temperature and pressure.

GAS

🔥 FLAME TEST SIMULATOR

Click any element to see its characteristic flame colour — used in analytical chemistry to identify metal ions.

🌈 WAVELENGTH ↔ FREQUENCY ↔ ENERGY

Enter any one value — the other two are calculated instantly. c = λf and E = hf = hc/λ.

Wavelength

Frequency

Energy